Granada to Kosovo

The United States Invasion of Panama was carried out in December 1989. It occurred during the administration of US President George H. W. Bush, ten years after the Torrijos–Carter Treaties were ratified to transfer control of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama by the year 2000. During the invasion, Panamanian leader, general, and dictator Manuel Noriega was deposed. President-elect Guillermo Endara was sworn into office and the Panamanian Defense Force dissolved.

Casualties

The US lost 23 troops and 325 were wounded. The US Southern Command estimated the number of Panamanian military dead at 205.

The Southern Command estimated the number of Panamanian civilian casualties at 1,000. Civilian fatalities included an American schoolteacher working in Panama and a Spanish freelance press photographer. The post-invasion CMO (Civil-Military Operation) designed to stabilize the situation, support the government the United States put into place, and restore basic services was called "Operation Promote Liberty.”